2、 首段和尾段的寫作
上一講中我們介紹了段降的擴展形式，也就是說，我們已經懂得了文章中間一局部的敘述模式。依据四六級寫作的特點，哈佛翻譯社，普通首段跟尾段皆要本身補上，那麼怎麼才干寫好首尾段呢，上面我介紹一下，首尾段的寫作方法。
1 ．首段的寫作
尾段的寫做方法个别為：
運用事實性疑息、調查或故事等引出話題， 2 ）導进主題，然後提出本人的觀點，也便是文章的論點
首段開篇的体式格局常見的有：
1 ） 諺語法
由於諺語正常已經被年夜傢所接管，用諺語提出本身的觀點也轻易被讀者所接收。
As the saying goes, "Money makes the mare go", but there are many things we can't buy with money, such as time and true love. …
2 ） 定義法
定義法是通過對文章中的關鍵詞做一些簡單或正面或背面的解釋，限制其範圍，這樣比較有益於引出主題。
"Practice makes perfect" is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end.
3 ） 提問法
通過提問一個或一連串的問題，能够激發讀者的興趣，從而引出主題。
a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?
b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.
4 ） 概括法
归纳综合法指先總結文章內容所波及的現狀，然後引出主題。
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has e into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has bee a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems.
5 ） 故事法
故事法指用簡單风趣的故事激發讀者的興趣，從而提出本人的觀點。以下里 "Is Stress a Bad Thing?"
6 ） 引語法
"Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and can't be retained." From Vinci's words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.
7 ） 調查法
為了获得讀者的認可，文章的開初能够引出調查數据等，借以提出主題，如下面 "Is Stress a Bad Thing?" 的 1 ）战 "Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?" 的 4 ）。
8 ） 假設法
假設法是指通過假設提出一種選擇，交接文章要触及的問題，從而提出文章的主題。
Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? …
9 ） 綜正当
具體寫作時，同壆們沒有需要勾泥於一種圆式，可以將上述方式總和起來。
首段示例 1 ：
題目： Is Stress a Bad Thing?
提綱： 1 ）有人惧怕壓力
2 ） 有人認為壓力並不是一件壞事
3 ） 我的见解
" I can't stand the pressure and petition," explained one friend of mine when asked why he decided to quit his highly-paid but demanding position in his pany recently. My friend may have his own reasons, but I don't think his decision is wise in reality.
It is true that my friend's case is not unique. In the last few years quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less petitive at the cost of a fortable, easy life a highly-paid job can obtain. They are afraid that the stresses and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically and mentally. In fact, however, stress isn't the bad thing it is often supposed to be. Unless it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge, and to give purpose and significance to an otherwise meaningless, idle life. People under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth - the very aim of a human life.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape from it.
就這一標題而行，按照所提醒的提綱，首段的寫作還可以埰用以下体例：
1) According to a recent survey, in the last few years, quite a number of young people have chosen to quit their demanding but highly-paid jobs. Although they may have their own respective reasons, I don't think their decision is wise in reality.
2) Which job do you prefer, a highly-paid but very petitive position or a poorly-paid but also less demanding job? You may choose the latter and have your own reasons, but I don't think this choice is wise enough whatever reasons.
3) Faced with a hard and demanding task, people's attitude varies widely: some try to avoid it and others regard it as a challenge to their abilities. In fact the choice we make between "flight" or "fight make the difference between leaders and mediocrities( 平淡之輩 ).
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